A solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between Earth and the Sun, blocking the Sun's light either partially or completely. This can only happen during a new moon phase when the Moon is directly between the Earth and Sun.
For an eclipse to occur, the Moon must cross the ecliptic plane (the plane of Earth's orbit) at the same time it is in the new moon phase. This alignment happens only a few times per year, making eclipses relatively rare events.
The Moon's orbit is tilted about 5° relative to Earth's orbit around the Sun, which is why we don't see eclipses every month during the new moon.
The Moon completely covers the Sun's disk, revealing the solar corona. This happens when the Moon is at its closest point to Earth (perigee). Total eclipses can turn day into night briefly and allow stars to be visible.
The Moon appears smaller than the Sun, creating a "ring of fire" effect. This occurs when the Moon is at its furthest point from Earth (apogee). The Moon's apparent size is too small to completely cover the Sun.
Only part of the Sun is covered by the Moon. This can occur on its own, or as part of a total or annular eclipse for viewers outside the path of totality. The Sun appears as if a "bite" has been taken out of it.
The Sun's outer atmosphere becomes visible during a total eclipse. This pearly white crown extends millions of kilometers into space and is normally hidden by the Sun's bright surface.
Just before and after totality, a bright point of sunlight shines through a valley on the Moon's limb, creating a spectacular effect resembling a diamond ring.
Points of light that appear around the Moon's edge due to sunlight shining through lunar valleys. Named after astronomer Francis Baily who explained the phenomenon in 1836.
Never look directly at the Sun during an eclipse without proper eye protection!Special eclipse glasses or solar filters are required to safely view a solar eclipse. Regular sunglasses do NOT provide adequate protection and can result in permanent eye damage.